BToW: The Importance of Diagnostics

"What has been the most interesting case you have seen?"

 I'm actually going to talk about my own dog here. 1) Because I can tell you everything without running afoul of confidentiality stuff and 2) because her case nicely illustrates why your vet wants to spend more of your money on things like bloodwork. For all you vet students and/or pre-vets and/or armchair vets, here's your case!

So, meet Baby.

June 2012:
Signalment: 13 year old female spayed Valley Bulldog.
History: Presented for a geriatric pet wellness exam. Lives with an indoor/outdoor cat. No real complaints from owners. Eating, drinking, urinating and defecating normally. Eating a grain-free store bought dry diet, some table scraps. Vaccines not up to date, had her puppy series, but nothing since. Dewormed a few times a year. Dog aggressive, kept away from other dogs at all times, except for an occassional visit from with the owner's daughter (my sister) who has a 2 year old Chihuahua, who is up to date on vaccines.
Physical exam findings: Good condition, 18kg, not over or underweight, some dental calculus, some dandruff, heart and lung ascultation normal, TPR normal. Mild opacity in eye but doesn't seem to cause problems (probably normal age related change and not cataracts.) Slight pot-bellied appearance, but she's a bulldog.

Owner's daughter is a vet student (c'est moi, duh) and wants a geriatric blood panel done. Results below with normals in parantheses)

WBC: 8.68 x 10^9/l (6-17)
LYM: 1.46 x 10^9/l (1-4.8)
MON: 0.46 x 10^9/l (0.2-1.5)
NEU: 6.50 x 10^9/l (3-12)
EOS: 0.18 x 10^9/l (0-0.8)
BAS: 0.08 x 10^9/l (0-0.4)
LY%: 16.8% (12-30)
MO%: 5.3% (2-4)
NE%: 74.8% (62-87)
EO%: 2.1% (0-8)
BA%: 0.9% (0-2)

RBC: 5.98 x 10^12/l (5.5-8.5)
HGB: 15.5 g/dl (12-18)
HCT: 43.25% (37-55)
MCV: 72 fl (60-77)
MCH: 26 pg (19.5-24.5)
MCHC: 35.9 g/dl (31-34)

PLT: 406 x 10^9/l (200-500)

ALB: 48 g/l (25-44)
ALP: 964 U/l (20-150)
ALT: 154 U/l (10-118)
AMY: 793 U/l (200-1200)
BUN: 7.4 mmol/l (2.5-8.9)
CA: 3.15 mmol/l (2.15-2.95)
PHOS: 1.68 mmol/l (0.94-2.13)
CRE: 87 umol/l (27-124)
GLU: 5.4 mmol/l (3.3-6.1)
NA+: 144 mmol/l (138-160)
TP: 75 g/l (54-62)
GLOB: 27 g/l (23-52)

A few abnormalities. The big glaring one is the ALP. She's not on steroids or anti-convulsants, she's certainly not a young growing animal, so the other big differential is hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's). It sort of fits with her bad skin and pot-belly and with the old female signalment, but she's not the classic polyuric/polydipsic Cushing's dog. The monocytosis could be due to that too, but with no lymphopenia, we can't call it a stress leukogram (most offten associated with stress, or with steroids whether exogenous or endogenous).One of the biggest causes of high calcium is humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy; basically some tumors have this weird ability to secrete something called parathyroid hormone related protein (peptide? something that starts with p). The parathyroid gland takes this as a signal that the body is low in calcium, even though it isn't. So it increases calcium by taking it from the bones. One of the most common types of tumor that does this is perianal gland adenocarcinomas. A rectal exam was done, with no masses found.

The rule is, if you don't have a strong suspicion of Cushing's don't test for it, due to the high rate of false positives and the cost of testing. Baby's owners are told to watch for signs and bring her back if they see other signs. Until then, she's put on an EFA supplement to manage her skin problems.

December 2013:
Baby comes back, this time with a presenting complaint of (you guessed it) polyuria and polydipsia. She'd happily drain the bathtub if you let her and her urine looks basically the same coming out as going in. Could be diabetes mellitus, could be a progression of her suspected Cushing's. Oh, and she's had a couple episodes of impacted anal glands. Vet knows that money is a concern and provided the bloodwork doesn't show anything else weird, he's willing to start her on trilostane or mitotane for the Cushing's without doing all the expensive hormonal testing, since vet student daughter is home on winter break and can be in contact with him every few days and monitor the dog closely.

The bloodwork shows no diabetes mellitus, but does show the calcium is high; higher than it was a year and a half ago. It's now at 3.5. Vet does a rectal exam and... there's a small mass.

Given her age, the owners opted for palliative care and treating her polyuria/polydipsia with furosemide to bring the calcium down. She got a few more good weeks, and was euthanized in early February 2014.

The moral: Do the diagnostics. They aren't just to run up the bill.

BToW: Why I chose the Gentle Island

"How did you choose which school to attend? What things do you like and dislike about your school's location?"

Well, I didn't. The system in Canada is a little different from in the USA. There's only 5 colleges in Canada and one is francophone. The system is strictly regional. In the USA, many (all?) schools take out of state students. They have a smaller chance of getting in compared with in state and they pay higher tuition, but they can apply. In Canada, you can't. If I were to apply to Saskatchewan, or Alberta, or Ontario, as far as I know, they wouldn't even look at my application. This was very frustrating after my first rejection from AVC; I can't tell you how many people told me to apply to Ontario.

There are other options; we can apply to any American school and the overseas ones (Edinburgh, Dublin, etc) and the caribbean schools. But you need seriously deep pockets. In the USA, students are guaranteed the cost of attendance in loans for accredited schools (as is my understanding). In Canada, no such luck. Between federal and provincial government loans, I can get just over $14,000 a year; and banks are pretty tight fisted. Tuition at the other schools starts at $30,000 a year and goes up.

So it was AVC or bust.

My standard response when people ask me if I like the island is, "I love AVC. I hate PEI." Don't get me wrong, PEI suits some people very well. It's pretty in the summer, there are some great restaurants in Charlottetown and there's all kinds of festivals and events during the tourist season. The faculty at AVC are great. Additional benefits are that it's still in Canada, and it's the closest option to my parents' house. I can be home in about 5 hours. Oh, and I can still get cheap lobster and really good fish and chips.

But it's small. Really small. I did most of my undergraduate studies in Halifax, NS and I am very much a Haligonian* at heart. While Halifax is hardly a metropolis itself, I am constantly comparing Charlottetown to a city 10 times the size. It's less diverse. It's less convenient. It's less walkable. The public transit is one step above non-existent. Things close early. Mail is slow here. Electricity is expensive. Hell, everything is expensive on account of needing to be brought from the mainland. There is no Second Cup. I once needed dental wax at 12:30 on a Saturday night**. In Halifax, I ran down to the 24 hour pharmacy. Here, I would have been stuck until noon the next day.

And the weather. May-September is pretty nice. It can get into the 30C+ range (often 35+ with the humidex), but usually it's good. But winter does not screw around. I wasn't prepared. Everyone said, "Oh, it's so windy!" Really, the wind is no worse that Halifax. But the temperature difference? And the snow difference? No one mentioned those!

If you like small towns, don't mind snow and cold, and like seafood and potatoes, give PEI some consideration. If you can't, then do what I couldn't, and apply somewhere else.

With all of that said... If I could apply anywhere, I probably still would have ended up at AVC. Finances just made anywhere outside of Canada unfeasible, and besides, I love my country and I'm reluctant to leave it.  My dad was a stroke survivor and not in great shape when I matriculated. My mom isn't that severe, but isn't the healthiest of people. So I'd be really reluctant to go anywhere that I couldn't get home easily and quickly. For me, the convenience factor outweighs the other stuff.

*Isn't that a great word? No one knows where it came from.
**Tooth broke while watching a movie and eating a Skor bar at home. It left a sharp point that I kept scratching my tongue on. Nothing weird.

Some days you just don't get it

Friday was one of those days.

So Friday was our Diagnostic Radiology midterm. Topics covered: equine distal limb (knee/hock down), small animal urinary system and small animal reproductive. We have an hour looking at cases on computers, and then an hour long written portion. I'm going through the computer part, doing reasonably well, when I get to about the 11th or 12th case. Which goes a little like this

"Sitting on the fence" 3 year old Quarter Horse stallion, lame left hind leg

Followed by an image like this:

And I thought, hey no big deal, it's an OCD lesion, distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. But what the hell does "sitting on the fence" mean?! Did he try to jump the fence and missed? Is it some awkward way to describe how he's standing? But I ignore it and move on.

Later, I'm talking to a classmate during the traditional post-exam debrief/bitching session, and lamenting that I had no idea what that meant. His reponse, "It was the horse's name."

That makes so much more sense now...

We Are Who We Are

It's that time again! BToW!

"Your favorite thing about vet school. Or a specific disease/condition/subject that you found interesting."

Watch it now, I'm about to throw down more cheese than fried mozza sticks.

It's the people.

I have been continually amazed at the people I've met at vet school. From group study, gaming nights, extra-curricular club events, to people who give up their so very rare free time for causes like humane society fundraisers, teaching animal enrichment and spay/neuter days. Is everyone fantastic? No. But I never thought I'd get along as well as I do with such a huge number of diverse people. I have never been one to make friends easily. I was one of the weird kids in high school (go figure when you don't care about celebrities, dress gothic and 50% of the television you watch and music you listen to is in Japanese) and went to university with virtually shattered self confience because of it; so I never put myself out there and consequently, never really bonded to anyone in unversity either. I was terrified coming to vet school that I was leaving behind the few close friends I had.

I had nothing to worry about. My classmates are amazing. I am surrounded by science geeks, so we all have that in common. Hell, at winter break, I have to watch what jokes I make because my old friends just don't get it, as well as reminding myself that not everyone finds medical stuff cool. There's only a small subset of the general population that can relate to the annoyance of having a bloody 4x4 gauze stuck to your surgical glove. I find myself saddened at the idea of leaving all these people next year.

Not to mention the faculty. We are a small school, we get overlooked a lot, and lord knows, we're not perfect. But we really do have some amazing faculty. Award-winning faculty. They love their job, they love to teach and it shows. Sure, we have our handful of profs that we all wonder exactly how they ever got tenure. They stand out because they're not the norm though. I have professors who inspire me on an almost daily basis; they make me want to be better, not for the number on the test paper but for them.

BToW: Second Guesses

"Tell us about an experience that made you doubt your ability or desire to go into vet med. How did you end up overcoming that doubt?"

I'm going to put my own spin on this, because honestly, once I started, I never really did. Mostly because I had awesome people in my corner cheering me on insisting that I could do it. I had set backs, sure, a few poor grades (I'm looking at you organic chemistry) and I was rejected one year, only to be waitlisted and subsequently called off the waitlist the next year. But there wasn't a time when I went, "Whoa, can I really do this?"

Instead, I'm going to tell you why I never considered vet med in the first place. It boils down to 1) not realizing that it was an option for me and 2) a horrible high school biology teacher. I'm an anomaly. It seems like everyone I meet has wanted to be a vet since they were little kids. I don't think it ever occurred to me. I wanted to be a singer, an actor, a writer, a paleontologist (c'mon EVERY kid wanted that, right?), and even the Prime Minister. My mother and father frequently insisted that I had to be a "doctor or a lawyer" because my handwriting was (and still is) atrocious.* Sure, I had pets. Wagger, Esmeralda, Max, Bailey, Gabby, Bun-Bun, Topaz, Coquette... But medicine in any form had never jumped out as an option to me. I don't know how much was that I didn't want to, and how much was that I just considered it was out of reach for me. I was smart; but I wasn't A+ and I figured that you needed to be to be a doctor or vet. So I just never even had it on the list.

In high school, I largely considered myself an artsy type. History, politics, literature, art... That was my scene. Math and science were things that I was good at, but couldn't stand, and was mostly just getting through. Math wasn't too bad - I liked trigonometry for it's little problem solving puzzles. I HATED biology. Our teacher was not the most modern of educators. What do I remember from Biology 11? Learning mitosis and meiosis for the 10th time in my life, dissecting a frog, and learning about fruitflies. I don't remember what I learned about fruitflies, just that we talked about them. So thoroughly turned off from science, I enrolled in a Bachelor of Journalism program. And then promptly dropped out after one year ("I'm never getting a job with this, what was I thinking??"). I realized during the next year that what made me the happiest was being at the barn with my horse. That led to applying to an equine science program (which I was rejected from), which led to a vet assistent program. During the assistant program, I realized more than animals, I loved medicine. It was also when my vet said to me, "I don't understand. Why do you want to be an assistant? You have what it takes, why don't you just go be a vet?"

In a way, the assistant program was a bit of a wasted year. But I needed it. I needed someone to show me how fantastic science and medicine could be and I needed someone to show me that I could do it.

*The lawyer part also came from my tendency to find the tiniest loophole in any argument and argue it into the ground. Love you, Mom.

The Tree of Life/Vet Med

SDN Blog Topic of the Week: "What career path/specialty are you pursuing, and how did you become interested in it?"
 
There's way more to vet med than meets the eye. Most people see vets as one thing - the person who does spays, neuters, vaccines, stops Fluffy from puking (hopefully), maybe retrieves a sock from Mittens' lower digestive tract, and at the end of it all, provides a kind ear and a painless death. (Okay, I know there's also lots of people who view vets as cold hearted money grubbers, but humour me, kay?)

A DVM degree is a tree. You start with the degree, and like a DVM, or a law degree, you branch out. Some people see those branches - maybe Wagger has a heart condition and they get referred to a vet cardiologist. Maybe nothing else is helping their Golden Retriever's horrible skin and they wind up at a dermatologist. Few people understand that vet med has just as many specialties as human med. And we have some of our own too.

Since about the end of second year, I've been on the lab animal vet path. It's a small field with big ramifications. It's not the most cuddly of specialties - yes, this is animal testing for medical purposes. And yes, I  have to be careful who I tell what I'm pursuing. For some people, I just opt to say that I'm specializing in exotics and pocket pets. Sometimes, I tell them I'm going into lab medicine, but I immediately launch into an explanation.

Before I got into vet school, I had sort of settled on public health or some sort of infectious disease research (bacteria are my kind of culture). First year, we had a lecture on lab animal medicine from our lab animal vet at school (who I really can't recommend highly enough as a faculty member and as a vet) and I got to know the lab animal enthusiast in our class - the lovely Red from The Road Less Traveled. I had never heard of it before. It seemed interesting. It called to my desire to work with lots of species, to aid animal welfare, and I liked the tie-in with human medicine. So I sort of stuck it away in the back of my head.

Second year, I applied for an internship with the Canada Food Inspection Agency, which I was hoping to use as a stepping stone into public health. They said "Thanks, but no thanks." I sort of took that as a hint that maybe I should start looking elsewhere. I pulled lab animal med out of my head again and really mulled it over. The more I thought about it, the more appealing it was. Animal testing is not going away any time soon. But as vets, we have the power to make sure it's done right. We can see that their suffering is minimal, and not meaningless. I know the ethics of this field won't necessarily always match with my own, and that's okay. But I don't think there's a field of vet med that doesn't involve some ethical quandaries. Even general practitioners will have pregnant spays, clients that can't pay, convenience euthanasia... The fact that I can't do everything and that some times, there is suffering in lab animal medicine, isn't an excuse to not do anything. I can do something.

A departure

Yeah, I've been on hiatus. For a while. Sue me. (Or don't. I have no money. I'd have to suddenly have a lot of money just to make up to the level of "broke.")

I'm a member of SDN - the Student Doctor Network. And we're sort of having a blog challenge right now. Someone picks a topic, and we all blog about it. Today's topic: "If you could go on vacation anywhere in the world, where would you go? What would you do while there (activities, attractions, food, etc)?"


For me, I don't even have to think about this. It's a reflex at this point. Japan. Sure, there's lots of other places I want to see - the UK, Boston, Indonesia, Thailand, Australia... But at the top of the list, it's always been Japan. Some background: around the age of 11, I fell head over heels in love with anime and manga. Which led me to learn more about the culture, and the subcultures. The karyukai, lolita fashion, the history, the food, the art... I collect kimono and I wear them (if you've ever heard that kimono are so complicated that you need someone to dress you, they're either lying and have never tried or they're talking about the really elaborate versions worn by geisha and maiko or worn by nobels in the past).


If there was no time limit, and an unlimited bank account, I'd probably need a month to cover everything. I'd go north to Hokkaido and soak in onsen (hot springs).

I'd climb Mount Fuji. I'd travel to Tokyo and hang out in little hole in the wall sushi bars, and stuff myself on sashimi and miso. I'd go to Akiharbara and comb through manga shops and feed my inner otaku. I'd spend way too much money in Baby the Stars Shine Bright. I'd visit Ueno Park, maybe in spring as the sakura are blooming.

After that it would be further south to Kyoto. I'd browse the old streets, hoping for a glimpse of my favourite geiko, Fukunao. Then I'd try to walk in her footsteps with a henshin make over; again, if time and money were no object, I'd be dressed as a maiko, then a geiko and finally, in the gigantic hair and kimono of a tayuu.

My final stop would be south to Okinawa to hang out on some beaches and hear some music, with a quick trip to the aquarium there. I've always wanted to see a whale shark up close.